definition

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions and an increasing susceptibility to disease. Medically, it encompasses the gradual changes in the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs, which ultimately affect life expectancy.

Physiological changes

With age, changes occur in almost all body cells, including a reduction in the cell division rate, the accumulation of cell damage from free radicals, and a decrease in telomere length at the ends of chromosomes. This leads to reduced organ and tissue function, lower cellular stress resistance, and a diminished adaptability of the organism.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms

• Oxidative stress: An accumulation of damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which can lead to cell dysfunction.
• DNA damage: Accumulation of DNA damage that is not effectively repaired affects gene expression and can lead to cell death.
• Protein homeostasis: Disruptions in the correct folding and breakdown of proteins, leading to an accumulation of defective proteins.
• Inflammatory processes: Chronic, low-grade inflammatory conditions, known as "inflammaging," contribute to age-related diseases.
• Cellular senescence: An increase in cells that no longer divide and release pro-inflammatory factors.

Diagnostics

The medical assessment of aging typically involves a comprehensive examination, which may include physical examinations, laboratory tests (such as biomarkers for cellular aging), imaging, and psychosocial assessments to determine an older person's health status and ability to function.

Therapeutic approaches

Medical interventions to manage aging aim to maintain quality of life and manage or delay age-related diseases. This can be achieved through a combination of medication, nutritional counseling, physical and cognitive therapy, and preventive measures such as vaccinations and regular checkups.

Healthy aging

Healthy aging is an approach that aims to promote the well-being and independence of older people. Key strategies include a balanced diet, regular physical activity, mental stimulation, social interaction, and the avoidance of risk factors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

Aging is an individual process influenced by genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors. A deep understanding of the changes associated with aging makes it possible to develop and implement targeted strategies to promote healthy aging.